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Employment research

Carlos Vacas‑Soriano

Senior research manager

Carlos Vacas Soriano is a senior research manager in the Employment unit at Eurofound. He works on topics related to wage and income inequalities, minimum wages, low pay, job quality, temporary employment and segmentation, and job quality. Prior to joining Eurofound in 2010, he worked as a macroeconomic analyst for the European Commission and as a researcher in European labour markets at the Spanish Central Bank. He holds an MA in European Economic Studies from the College of Europe in Bruges and a PhD in Labour Economics from the University of Salamanca (Doctor Europaeus).

Topics of expertise

Carlos is an expert in the following topics.

Research outputs

Carlos is the author of the following publications.

Events, commentary and analysis

Carlos has contributed the following events, blog posts and podcast episodes.

17 October 2025

Podcast episode

Grappling with Europe's wealth gap

This episode of Eurofound Talks, published on International Day for the Eradication of Poverty 2025, looks in-depth at Europe’s wealth divide. Mary McCaughey speaks with Eurofound researchers Carlos Vacas and Eszter Sandor about how wealth inequality remains as intractable as ever – despite positive developments in recent years on wages and improvements in general working conditions.

1 May 2025

Podcast episode

How are minimum wage levels changing in Europe?

In this episode Mary McCaughey sits down with Eurofound expert Carlos Vacas Soriano to explore how minimum wages have changed in Europe over the past year, as well as the implications of these shifts.Listeners are invited to dive into the intricacies of Europe's minimum wage dynamics and the factors driving these changes. The conversation also sheds light on the broader implications of minimum wage change for income inequalities and gender equality.

30 September 2024

Podcast episode

Is Europe’s middle class disappearing?

Mary McCaughey speaks with Eurofound Research Manager Carlos Vacas about the situation of the middle class in Europe. They look at developments over the past two decades, the significance of income adequacy and equality in the development of a robust middle class in Europe, the influence of the welfare state, as well as the understated role of the family.

4 March 2024

Podcast episode

Tackling the gender pay and employment gaps

In this special episode of Eurofound Talks for International Women's Day 2024, Mary McCaughey speaks with Eurofound researchers Carlos Vacas and Barbara Gerstenberger about the gender pay and employment gaps in Europe.Despite gender equality being a core principle of the EU, women are less likely to be in employment than men in all EU Member States and are paid less than men in almost every Member State, with the pay gap larger in higher paying jobs. Mary, Carlos, and Barbara discuss what progress has been made on these issues in recent years, the broader consequences of gender inequalities in the world of work, and the challenges that must be addressed if Europe is to meet gender equality targets.

10 January 2024

Podcast episode

Are minimum wages in Europe adequate and effective?

The latest episode of Eurofound Talks, recorded shortly before Eurofound publishes its harmonised analysis of 2024 minimum wage developments, looks at the changes to minimum wages in 2023. Mary McCaughey speaks with Eurofound experts Christine Aumayr-Pintar and Carlos Vacas-Soriano about the adequacy of minimum wages in Europe as they stand at the moment, how the EU has sought to improve the situation of low-wage earners through a Directive on adequate minimum wages, and how widespread the issue of minimum wage non-compliance is in the European Union.

15 June 2022

Blog post

How to ensure adequate minimum wages in an age of inflation

Minimum wages have risen significantly in 2022, as the EU Member States leave behind the cautious mood of the pandemic. However, rising inflation is eating up these wage increases, and only flexibility in the regular minimum wage setting processes may avoid generalised losses in purchasing power among minimum wage earners. On 6 June 2022, the Council of the EU and the European Parliament reached a political agreement on the Directive on adequate minimum wages proposed by the Commission in October 2020. Once formally approved, EU Member States will have to transpose it into national law within two years.

26 October 2021

Blog post

Minimum wage – Yet another gender divide?

While the number of employees earning the minimum wage has increased across Europe over the last decade, spurred by significant minimum wage hikes, a clear gender divide emerges, with minimum wage earners more likely to be women. Minimum wage earners are also more likely to live in materially deprived households.

8 June 2021

Blog post

Minimum wages rise again, but the pandemic puts a brake on their growth

Decision-makers approached minimum wage setting for 2021 cautiously due to the economic uncertainty caused by the pandemic. Despite this, nominal statutory minimum wages rose in most Member States and the UK, although at lower rates than in recent years.

17 July 2019

Blog post

What will be the impact of the new Spanish minimum wage?

The Socialist-led Spanish government that emerged last summer had, by the end of 2018, approved a hike in the statutory minimum wage. This was agreed with the left-wing Podemos party as part of an attempt to secure the parliamentary support needed for passing the proposed 2019 budget – although failure to do so resulted in the April election. The new minimum wage came into force on 1 January, rising from 14 monthly payments of €735.90 per year to €900 for those in full-time employment.

14 June 2018

Blog post

Germany’s minimum wage has reduced wage inequality

Wages grew and wage inequality fell in most EU countries in 2015. Germany is not one of the countries where wages rose most, but it did have the largest reduction of wage inequality. Our analysis shows that the German minimum wage policy introduced in 2015 strongly lifted the wages of the lowest-paid employees, particularly those employees who were lower-skilled, younger or working in services.

23 June 2017

Blog post

Europe’s shrinking middle class

The Great Recession depressed real income levels across European countries. But the impact was very unequal across countries and income groups. Countries in the European periphery have been more affected than those in the core, halting the process of income convergence between European countries that could be observed pre- crisis.

21 March 2017

Blog post

EU income inequality and the Great Recession

EU-wide income inequality declined notably prior to 2008, driven by a strong process of income convergence between European countries. The Great Recession broke this trend. After 2008, income convergence has been sluggish, while inequality within many countries has increased significantly.

Other members of the Employment research unit

Find more staff members of the Employment research unit below.

Dragoș Adăscăliței

Research officer
Employment research

Dragoș Adăscăliței is a research officer in the Employment unit at Eurofound. His current research focuses on topics related to the future of work, including the impact of artificial intelligence on jobs, the consequences of automation for employment and regulatory issues surrounding the platform economy. He is also a regular contributor to comparative projects monitoring structural changes in European labour markets. Prior to joining Eurofound, he was a lecturer in Employment Relations at the University of Sheffield, Management School. He holds an MA in Political Science from Central European University and a PhD in Sociology from the University of Mannheim.

Stavroula Demetriades

Senior research manager
Employment research

Stavroula Demetriades is a senior research manager in the Employment unit at Eurofound. She has responsibility for research in the areas of the green and just transition, social dialogue, management practices, innovation and hybrid work. She holds a PhD in Sociology from the University of Aalborg, Denmark. She also has an MSc in Economic Policies from Trinity College Dublin and an MSc in Regional Development from Athens University. Prior to joining Eurofound in 1999, she worked in research institutes, in different posts in the public and private sectors, and conducted organisational and socioeconomic studies. Her main research interests include the green and just transition, human resource management, work systems, innovation, employment and social dialogue. She is also adjunct professor in the Business School at University College Dublin.

Garance Hingre

Research support officer
Employment research

Garance Hingre is a research support officer in the Employment unit at Eurofound. She mainly contributes to managing the European Restructuring Monitor databases. Prior to this, she worked as a research assistant at the ESRI in Dublin and as a research trainee at Eurofound, both in the social policy units, focusing mainly on gender inequalities. She holds a Master's degree in Political Economy from the London School of Economics and Political Science and a Bachelor's degree in European Political Sciences from ESPOL.

John Hurley

Senior research manager
Employment research

John Hurley is a senior research manager in the Employment unit at Eurofound. He took up the role of research manager in February 2012. He contributes to a number of research projects including the European Jobs Monitor and has authored or co-authored over 20 reports as well as journal contributions and edited collections during his time at Eurofound. His main research interests are in the areas of comparative labour market analysis, restructuring and the changing world of work. John is a graduate of both Trinity College Dublin and University College Dublin.

Tadas Leončikas

Head of Unit
Employment research

Tadas Leončikas is Head of the Employment unit at Eurofound since September 2022. Prior to this, he was a senior research manager in the Social Policies unit, managing the European Quality of Life Survey (EQLS) and developing Eurofound's survey research. Since joining Eurofound in 2010, he has worked on various topics including survey methods, quality of life, social mobility, social inclusion, trust and housing inadequacies. In his earlier career, he headed up the Institute for Ethnic Studies in Lithuania where he worked on studies related to the situation of ethnic minorities, migrants and other vulnerable groups. As a researcher, he has previously collaborated with the European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights, the United Nations Development Programme and the International Organization for Migration. He has a PhD in Sociology.

Chiara Litardi

Research officer
Employment research

Chiara Litardi is a research officer in the Employment unit at Eurofound. She works on topics related to restructuring, employment and upward convergence. Chiara manages the European Restructuring Monitor and supervises the information processing, quality control and analysis of its databases. Prior to joining Eurofound in 2021, she worked as an analyst at the European Central Bank, running pan-euro area surveys and researching payment behaviour and financial inclusion. She holds a Master's degree in Economics and Finance from LUISS University in Rome, and a double degree in Quantitative Techniques for Economics and Management (QTEM), and is currently a PhD student at University College Dublin.

Sarah Pearcey

Administrative assistant
Employment research

Sarah Pearcey is an administrative assistant and moved to the Employment unit in 2022. Sarah joined Eurofound in 2012 from the European Commission, where she worked for the most part since 2001 in Brussels and Dublin. Sarah has over 30 years’ experience in similar roles in international environments throughout Europe.

Rui Ribeiro

Administrative assistant
Employment research

Rui Ribeiro is an administrative assistant in the Employment unit. He assists with the development and implementation of various projects related to the unit’s activities. Before joining Eurofound, Rui mainly worked in Brussels, in different roles at several international organisations such as Amnesty International, UITP and IHI. Rui holds a BA in European Studies, an MA in Development Policy and an MSc in Management.

Matteo Sostero

Research officer
Employment research

Matteo Sostero is a research officer in the Employment unit at Eurofound. His research interests include occupational change, using both survey data on occupational tasks and skills intelligence from online job advertisements, digitisation of work, including telework, and wage inequality. Before joining Eurofound in late 2023, he worked in employment and skills research at the European Commission Joint Research Centre, both in Seville and in Brussels. He holds a MSc in Economics from University College London and a PhD in Economics from the Sant’Anna School of Advanced Studies in Pisa.

Cesira Urzi Brancati

Research officer
Employment research

Cesira Urzi Brancati is a research officer in the Employment unit at Eurofound. Her research interests include the impact of technology on employment and the digitalisation of work, with a focus on digital labour platforms, digital surveillance and algorithmic management. She specialises in microeconometrics, questionnaire design and survey data analysis. Before joining Eurofound in 2024, Cesira worked at the European Commission Joint Research Centre in Seville, at the International Longevity Centre in London, at the University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, and at the University of Turin. She holds a Master’s degree and a PhD in International Economics from the University of Tor Vergata, in Rome.

Gijs van Houten

Senior research manager
Employment research

Gijs van Houten is a senior research manager in the Employment unit at Eurofound. He has specific expertise in cross-national survey methodology and the analysis of workplace practices and organisational strategies. He currently leads the preparations for the European Company Survey 2028, is in charge of methodology for the European Quality of Life Survey 2026, and is analysing the online data collected as part of the European Working Conditions Survey 2024, which will inform decision making on the future of surveys in Eurofound. Before joining Eurofound in 2010, he worked at the Netherlands Institute for Social Research (SCP). Gijs spent a year away in 2016, working at the Pew Research Center in Washington, DC. He holds a Masters in Sociology from Radboud University Nijmegen and a PhD in Social Science from Utrecht University.

Christopher White

Survey data support officer
Employment research

Chris White is a survey data officer, based in the Employment unit at Eurofound, tasked with providing support for all three of Eurofound's surveys: the EWCS, EQLS and ECS. Before joining Eurofound in December 2018, he worked on sampling methods and the analysis of household surveys in the national statistical institutes of the United Kingdom and Australia. He holds an MSc in Operational Research and his research interests include the integration of survey and administrative data sources.

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